Contents of issue # 4/2019

chief research fellow of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, professor at the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, doctor of legal sciences, professor
34, Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya st., Moscow, Russia, 117218
E-mail: theory@izak.ru

This article is devoted to the analysis of the reasons for the appearance of proposals for new cognitive methodologies in jurisprudence, the denial of Hegel's dialectics, Marx's materialistic approach, etc. The author believes that the reason for this is the dominance of liberal thinking in the humanities, including jurisprudence. The historical type of thinking, which is liberal, turns any ideology into a system of views on the role and significance of social, economic and other relations. One of the characteristic features of liberal ideology is the denial of existing values, ideas, accumulated knowledge. The liberal approach is an essential feature of the modern theory of law, the worldview of its development. Liberal thinking also denies the established values. In this connection it became popular to deny the dialectics of Hegel, the materialism of Marx's social development, the classical types of legal understanding, the system of sources of law, their traditional division, etc. Meanwhile there is an emphasis in the article on the following rule: what was achieved by domestic jurisprudence and convincingly proved is still actual. The author interprets Marx's ideas about the state, the individual and the state from his early works, which modern legal science does not comprehend or simply ignores. The principles of Hegel's dialectics are illustrated, while it is proved that this knowledge does not only correspond to that moment, but also very important and necessary for modern society.
In the light of what was said the new methodologies in the theory of law proposed by young authors are rather sharply criticized. This is the so-called paradigmatic approach. The author believes that the replacement of scientific paradigms is a natural phenomenon for legal and other sciences. The so-called “drastic” change in scientific paradigms proposed in the 70th years of the last century by American scientists is not possible in the humanities. Following these ideas is wrong and unpromising. Criticism is subjected to synergistic, phenomenological and other ideas of new methodological foundations in the theory of law and the state. Synergetics is nothing more than a long-known technique in the system approach that can not claim an independent methodology. Proposals for a “global” role in the scientific knowledge of phenomenological methodology are also unsuccessful. Essentially, these are axiological principles and methods of cognition.
The article states that liberal thinking and liberal ideology are the main phenomena in social and scientific life. Is it good or bad? Undoubtedly, it is good, for this is a condition necessary for scientific creativity. But the freedom of creativity is not a sword that can destroy everything, including such immutable authorities as Hegel, Marx, etc. The author also believes that the Soviet jurisprudence left the deep resources of knowledge, including the methodology. This does not mean that there is no need to seek new methodological approaches. The movement and development of the methodological toolkit must go forward. But this does not mean that the proposed “new methodologies” are capable of “restoring our worldview”, as well as the fact that the dialectical approach can only “supplement” advanced methodologies, etc. Such value as liberalism in all its manifestations presupposes the personal responsibility of the scientist, the principle of careful attitude to the existing knowledge, prudence and reasoning of the new provisions. Moreover, in cases of fundamental knowledge, such as Hegel's dialectic, the materialism of Karl Marx and others, liberalism requires manifestation and adaptation in the domestic theory of law.

Keywords: liberalism, liberal thinking, theory of cognition, Hegel's dialectics, Marx's materialism, methodological principles, synergetics, paradigms of thinking, phenomenological method.

DOI: 10.12737/art_2019_4_1

REFERENCES

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senior research fellow of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, candidate of legal sciences
34, Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya st., Moscow, Russia, 117218
E-mail: aagolovina@mail.ru

Currently Russia lacks a comprehensive concept of law-making policy, as a result of which negative tendencies are growing in law-making, such as unsystematic, contradictory, erasing the substantive border between legislative and sub-legal regulation, complication of the language and style of the law, inflation of legal matter, duplication of legal norms, the “darkness” of law, which complicates its everyday interpretation, etc. Preservation of these and other tendencies may lead to the fact that law as an instrument of the state in solving socially significant tasks will not be sufficiently effective and will be increasingly replaced by extra-legal social regulators, and the presumption of knowledge of the law will turn into a different theoretical category — legal fiction.
In order to identify current problems in the field of law-making policy of the Russian Federation and suggest possible directions for their solution this article explores the concept of law-making policy, as well as its goals, which are proposed to consider the creation of an effective law-making mechanism and, ultimately, the creation of a quality legal system.
Using the systematic legal, formal legal, dialectical and other research methods, the author reveals some conceptual problems in the following areas of law-making policy of the Russian Federation: 1) the policy of redistributing law-making competence between levels of law-making; 2) the policy of determining the range of subjects involved in law-making; 3) a policy in the area of setting standards for the quality of law-making; 4) policy in determining the boundaries of legal regulation.
In order to solve these problems, the article substantiates the desirability of developing and adopting a Concept for the law-making policy of the Russian Federation. It is proposed to define this Concept as a system of views on the basic principles, priorities, goals and objectives of the law-making policy in the Russian Federation. Its possible approximate content is outlined: a) the main provisions, including the concept of the concept of law-making policy, the legal basis of law-making policy, its goals and objectives; b) the main problems in the field of quality and effectiveness of law-making activities that currently exist in the Russian legal system; c) priority directions of the system solution of problems in the field of lawmaking.

Keywords: law-making, law-making policy, goals of law-making policy, subjects of law-making policy, the concept of law-making policy of the Russian Federation.

DOI: 10.12737/art_2019_4_2

REFERENCES

Bogoslavskiy Ye. A. Pravovaya politika i formy ee realizatsii [The legal policy and the forms of its implementation]. Teoriya i praktika obshchestvennogo razvitiya, 2014, no. 21, pp. 141—144.

Chernogor N. N., Zaloilo M. V. Aktualnye problemy pravotvorchestva [Actual problems of law-making]. Moscow, 2018. 144 p.

Golovina A. A. Defekty zakonodatelnoy tekhniki kak prepyatstvie obydennomu tolkovaniyu prava [Defects of legislative technique as obstacle to ordinary interpretation of the law]. Zhurnal rossijskogo prava = Journal of Russian Law, 2017, no. 4, pp. 16—26.

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Kontseptsii razvitiya rossiyskogo zakonodatelstva [Concepts of the development of Russian legislation]. Ed. by T. Y. Khabrieva, Yu. A. Tikhomirov. Moscow, 2013. 128 p.

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A. V. MAYFAT, professor at the Department of civil law of the Ural State Law University, doctor of legal sciences
21, Komsomolskaya st., Yekaterinburg, Russia, 620137
E-mail: am@urallaw.ru

P. A. GORDEEV, lecturer at the Department of civil law of the Ural State Law University
21, Komsomolskaya st., Yekaterinburg, Russia, 620137
E-mail: respectgp@gmail.com

The interpretation of the norms of corporate law as dispositive, as in general, the use of the dispositive method in the regulation of corporate relations causes a lot of controversy in science. Taken into account the specifics of corporate relations a clearly answer that they can apply the civil method is unlikely to be correct. Withdrawal of a participant from the company is one of the ways to terminate the legal relationship of participation in the company (corporate legal relationship). This legal relationship in the science of civil law is understood in different contexts as a kind of contractual relationship, as a way to protect corporate rights, as a way to terminate the corporate "investment" legal relationship. Depending on the position taken, different conclusions may be drawn regarding the possibility of dispositive regulation of this relationship.
The purpose of this article is to analyze the possibility of granting the right to leave the company, the possibility of establishing conditions for leaving the company, the possibility of settlement by the parties of the order and the amount of payment of the actual value of the share. The aim of the study is to identify the limits of the possibility of corporate participants in the regulation of corporate relations on the basis of their own discretion.
The methodological basis of the study was: general scientific method of cognition-dialectical, as well as private scientific methods: comparative legal, technical-legal, formal-logical in their various combinations. The legal relationship on leaving the society is considered in its dynamics.
The results of the study were the conclusions about the possibility of regulation of relations on withdrawal from society using the means of dispositive regulation, which may be limited by mandatory rules and may not be in conflict with other principles of civil law, such as equality and integrity of participants in civil relations.

Keywords: dispositivity, corporate relations, limited liability company, freedom of contract, exit of the participant from the company, payment of the actual value of the share.

DOI: 10.12737/art_2019_4_3

REFERENCES

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Yakovlev V. F. Struktura grazhdanskikh pravootnosheniy. Antologiya uralskoy tsivilistiki, 1925—1989. Moscow, 2001.

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leading research fellow of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, candidate of legal sciences
34, Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya st., Moscow, Russia, 117218
E-mail: ecology8@izak.ru

Updating legislation on agricultural cooperation is currently relevant. However, it is not effective without further improvement of the general civil and legal norms governing the legal status of cooperatives and the entire system of Russian cooperative legislation. This system is not logical enough: for example, law on general nature is adopted with respect to production cooperatives, but there is no similar regulatory act that applies to all consumer cooperatives. At the same time, law on agricultural cooperation covers all possible types of cooperatives and their unions; in some cases, it contradicts to the provisions of the law on production cooperatives, which causes serious problems in law enforcement.
The attribution of production to commercial and consumer cooperatives — to non-profit organizations, does not fully reflect the cooperatives' nature peculiarities and their creation goals, as noted by many researchers. Agricultural consumer cooperatives are formed by agricultural producers for the joint implementation of activities discussing the production of agricultural products. The legislative prohibition of the profit distribution among consumer cooperative members complicates successful development of such cooperatives in the agricultural sector.
Legal literature states the idea of the need to develop a unified federal law on cooperatives. In this regard, the article analyzes the experience of adopting such regulatory acts in our country — the Provisions on Cooperative Partnerships and their Unions of 1917 and the Law on Cooperation in the USSR 1988. It is concluded that the concept of improving cooperative legislation hasn't been developed yet, which would be based on a clear vision of the general picture of the current state and prospects for the development of various cooperation forms.

Keywords: agricultural legislation, cooperative legislation, production cooperative, consumer cooperative, agricultural cooperation, legal status, law on cooperation.

DOI: 10.12737/art_2019_4_4

REFERENCES

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O selskokhozyaystvennoy kooperatsii: nauchno-prakticheskiy kommentariy k Federalnomu zakonu ot 8 dekabrya 1995 goda. No. 193-FZ (postateynyy). Ed. by Ye. L. Minina. Moscow, 2019.

Rekomendatsii parlamentskikh slushaniy na temu “Pravovye aspekty povysheniya dokhodnosti selskokhozyaystvennogo proizvodstva” 21 fevralya 2017 goda (p. 1.2),

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Soyfer T. V. Nekommercheskie organizatsii: problemy grazhdanskoy pravosubektnosti. Zhurnal rossijskogo prava = Journal of Russian Law, 2018, no. 1.

Tychinin S. V. Grazhdansko-pravovoe regulirovanie potrebitelskoy kooperatsii v Rossii. Dr. diss. thesis. St. Petersburg, 2004.

Ustyukova V. V., Belyaeva Z. S. Problemy sovershenstvovaniya pravovogo polozheniya selskokhozyaystvennykh kooperativov. Agrarnoe i zemelnoe pravo, 2016, no. 9.

Yuridicheskie litsa v grazhdanskom prave. Vol. II. Yuridicheskie litsa v rossiyskom grazhdanskom prave (kommercheskie i nekommercheskie organizatsii). Ed. by V. N. Litovkin, O. V. Gutnikov. Moscow, 2011.

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associate professor at the Voronezh State University, doctor of legal sciences.
1, Universitetskaya sq., Voronezh, Russia, 394018
E-mail: shon_in_law@mail.ru

Nowadays the terms "procedural contract" and "procedural agreement" are widely used in research and in practice. At the same time concerning many concrete arrangements of the parties there is no uniform idea on their branch accessory: whether they are substantive or procedural. For example, an amicable agreement, arbitration agreement, agreement on jurisdiction, etc. belong to such agreements. These disputes inevitably lead to disagreements related to their practical application. Many of them are reflected in the literature and for many years do not find a uniform solution.
The purpose of this study is to formulate the concept of a procedural agreement that differs from the concept of a civil contract by identifying the main criteria for their delimitation.
The methodology of the study is a systematic approach to the object of study, formal logical, historical, comparative legal methods, etc.
According to the results of the study, the main criteria for distinguishing civil law contracts and procedural agreements are to consider the subject of the impact of the agreements; subject composition; the need to specify in the law on the possibility of their achievement; the time when legal consequences happened in result of agreement, etc.
It is concluded that procedural agreements are agreed procedural actions of the parties and other persons involved in the case, aimed at choosing one of the alternative rules of consideration and resolution of civil cases provided by law, acting as legal facts-conditions for the exercise of procedural rights and within the framework of completed factual composition obliging the court to commit retaliatory proceedings for the application of the consequences of agreements reached.

Keywords: procedural agreement, contract, settlement, agreement on jurisdiction, civil proceedings.

DOI: 10.12737/art_2019_4_5

REFERENCES

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S. O. GAVRILOV, professor, director of the Law Institute of Kemerovo State University, doctor of historical sciences, candidate of legal science
6, Krasnaya st., Kemerovo, Russia, 650000
E-mail: stanislav.o.gavrilov@gmail.com

E. S. TREZUBOV, senior lecturer at the Department of labor and environmental law and civil procedure of the Law Institute of Kemerovo State University
6, Krasnaya st., Kemerovo, Russia, 650000
E-mail: egortrezubov@mail.ru

The expansion of the number of cases in the Russian civil proceedings leads to an increase in risks not only for the claimant and the debtor, but also for other persons involved in a disputed legal relationship. Since a court order is one of the types of court decisions, such properties of legal force as enforceability and general obligation apply to it. Also court order execution may violate the rights and legitimate interests of third parties (bankruptcy creditors, arbitration manager, etc.). Procedural legislation, prohibiting the issuance of a court order in a relationship where are third parties, does not establish special rules for the protection of their rights in case of violation.
This article discusses three permissible mechanisms under the procedural form of writ of production: filing objections to the execution of a court order, cassation and revision of new and newly discovered circumstances of an enforceable court order. Taking into account the quality of the court order's legal force and the imperfection of the preliminary examination mechanism of the cassation complaint, there is a justification of revising the court order for new and newly discovered circumstances according to the statement of persons who are not a recoverer or debtor but whose rights are viewed in a judicial act.
The author acknowledges that due to impossibility of “third parties” to fill objections for execution of a court order it is suggested that the rules to consider the “third party's” application for cancellation of a court order, which has not yet entered into legal force, should be fixed in procedural law applying to a court session and clarification of the reasons for the appeal, establishing the connection of the applicant with the considered requirement.

Keywords: court order, third party, objections to execute a court order, cancellation of a court order, revision for new and newly discovered circumstances, a person whose rights and obligations are a subject of judicial act.

DOI: 10.12737/art_2019_4_6

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  Full text in Russian

senior research fellow of the Department of financial, tax and budget legislation of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, candidate of legal sciences
34, Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya st., Moscow, Russia, 117218
E-mail: fin@izak.ru

The paper deals with the consequences of new digital technologies expansion for the financial sphere regulation. The author analyzes the conditions for the formation of a new culture in the financial sphere — the culture of private funds and its consequences in the context of globalist trends. The article analyzes the positions of Russian and foreign scholars on the prospects of regulating "digital money", cryptocurrency and alternative means of payment. The paper lists the areas of regulation, which will be primarily subject to changes as a result of using a blockchain technology. The cryptocurrency legitimation issues are touched upon. The author also reflects on the benefits of decentralizing regulation in these areas. It also refers to the opposition of those? Who support centralization and decentralization in the financial sector. In this paper, special attention is paid to blockchain technology, because of its special importance for the prospects of state to regulate financial environment and any other one, amenable to decentralization. The polar positions of scholars (lawyers, philosophers, economists) concerning the nature of this phenomenon (blockchain) are given.
The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, as well as general scientific and special methods: system-structural, comparative legal, logical, observation, description, statistical.
The results of the research summarize the literature analysed and describe prospects for developing and applying the blockchain technology for the financial legal sphere and state regulation in general.

Keywords: blockchain, financial law, centralization, counterculture, legal culture, technical progress, consumption, globalization.

DOI: 10.12737/art_2019_4_7

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associate professor at the Department of financial law of the Law faculty of the St. Petersburg campus of the National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, candidate of legal sciences
17, Promyshlennaya st., St. Petersburg, Russia, 198099
E-mail: laptevaann@rambler.ru

The author attempts to address comprehensively issues relating to the regulation of the use of digital assets in commercial circulation. It should be noted that in legal and economic doctrine, as well as in law enforcement practice, there is no uniform approach to the content of the concepts “digital economy”, “digital asset” and Big Data. Hence, these circumstances determine the topic of the study.
The purpose of the article is to study the insufficiently considered issues related to the legal nature and legal regime of digital assets, big data, as well as the conditions for their turnover.
The conclusion states that Big Data is a complex property, includes a set of objects with different legal nature, which have a common purpose. The unity of purpose consolidates this set into a single independent object of civil law, possessing signs of revolving ability and suggesting specific ways of protecting the owner's rights.
The dominant feature of Big Data as a variety of complex property is: 1) information, which consists of "raw data" and the results of processing "raw data" (which can also be in materialized form); 2) property rights (for example, exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity of a program for electronic computers (computer programs) and databases). The peculiarity of such a complex property is that the value and usefulness its elements (value for specific individuals and entities as a whole) may be of interest both due to their essence and in aggregate.

Keywords: digital economy, digital asset, Big Data.

DOI: 10.12737/art_2019_4_8

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scientific supervisor of the Department of environmental and agrarian legislation of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, doctor of legal sciences, professor, honored scientist of the Russian Federation
34, Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya st., Moscow, Russia, 117218
E-mail: ecology2@izak.ru

Legal responsibility is provided for in a number of conceptual normative documents determining the environmental policy of the Russian Federation. The application of this responsibility is associated with the specifics of the system of national and international environmental legal relations, which include: their public-private and social nature; their intercrossing with civil, administrative and other ecological relations; their focus on forecasting and long-term planning; the abundance of fictions. Responsibility features due to objective reasons are: the confrontation between economy and ecology; the influence of natural conditions; the valuation of economic activity. And due to subjective reasons responsibility features are: attempts at eliminating the reasons for application; the necessity of foreseeing human impact on nature; the understanding of the correlation between environmental rights and duties of individuals and legal entities, state responsibility. At the end the author justified a few conclusions: clarifying disciplinary liability for land offences; restoration of municipal control in the legislation, entailing traditional types of responsibility.

Keywords: regulation of social relations and inevitability of responsibility, environmental and economic security, fundamentals of state policy in the field of environmental development.

DOI: 10.12737/art_2019_4_9

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associate professor at the Department of ecological, labor law and civil procedure law of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, candidate of legal sciences
18, Kremlevskaya st., Kazan, Russia, 420008
E-mail: vilisa_vilisa@mail.ru

The land legislation establishes the obligation to hold the electronic auction for the provision of publicly owned land. However, mentioned legislative provision shall not be applied until the date of entry into force of the federal law establishing the procedure for conducting relevant auctions in electronic form. The prospect of using mandatory electronic bidding for the provision of “public” land plots is studied.
The purpose of the article is to reveal the main elements of the legal model of the order of “land” electronic trading.
The objectives of the study: to identify and substantiate the relationship of the development of land turnover through electronic auction with rational land use; to determine the approximate sections of the draft law on the procedure for electronic auctions for the sale and lease of publicly owned land.
Dialectical, formal-legal, comparative-legal methods are applied.
The study shows the relationship between the land turnover through electronic auction and rational land use. The expediency of partial application for the legal model of the procedure of “land” electronic auction of legal regulation in areas where electronic auction is mandatory (bankruptcy bidding; procurement for state and municipal needs; procurement of certain goods, works and services by certain types of legal entities) or alternative in the public sphere (electronic auction for the sale of public property; electronic auction for the provision of land plots to promote the development of housing construction). The tentative sections of the draft law on the procedure of “land” electronic auctions are defined. The necessity of “land” electronic auction on a single electronic platform, which won this right, is substantiated.

Keywords: land plot, purchase and sale agreement, lease agreement, electronic auction, rational land use, electronic platform, electronic platform operator, information system, software, hardware, technical failure, bankruptcy bidding, procurement.

DOI: 10.12737/art_2019_10

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professor at the Department of labor law and social security law of the
Kutafin Moscow State Law University, doctor of legal sciences
9, Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya st., Moscow, Russia, 125993
E-mail: javoronkov@mail.ru

In March, 2018 the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has accepted Concluding Observations to the previous Report of the Russian Federation on the status of implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. These Concluding Observations recommend changing the Russian legislation concerning legal capacity of persons with mental disorders for its compliance with the Convention.
The aim of the study is to develop an objective interpretation of article 12 of the UN Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities on the legal capacity of persons with disabilities (including persons with mental disorders). So, the following tasks have been solved: the analysis of the document prepared by the Committee on the rights of persons with disabilities «General Comment No. 1 (2014). Article 12 “Equality before the law”»; mentioned document was assessed from the point of view of the Russian legal science; the interpretation of article 12 was developed on the basis of the consideration of the Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities as a universal international treaty.
Research methods: dialectical, logical, formal legal, comparative legal, etc.
Analysis of General Comment No. 1 showed that the system of legal regulation of the legal personality of persons with mental disorders, which is recommended by the Committee on the rights of persons with disabilities in Russia, is fundamentally different from domestic approaches to the legal regulation of these issues, is not well tested and raises many questions in terms of the realism of its application. In this regard, article 12 is interpreted on the basis that the provisions of the Convention allow for different ways of their implementation, depending on the legal system that has developed in a particular country.

Keywords: legal capacity, legal personality, person with mental disorders, disabled person, Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities.

DOI: 10.12737/art_2019_4_11

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associate professor at the Department of civil law disciplines of the Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service, candidate of legal sciences
41, Gogol st., Vladivostok, Russia, 690014
E-mail: alekseenko.a.p@gmail.com

Investment disputes between the state and foreign investors related to expropriation carry a large number of economic risks that may arise as a result of the loss of the host country’s investment. The increasing number of claims filed against Russia in international investment arbitrations emphasizes the need to study the experience of the Russian Federation in participating in these disputes. Such analyze will support the preparation of the texts of the agreements on the protection and promotion of investments, as well as will improve law enforcement practice.
The purpose of the study is to identify the positions of international investment arbitration in cases involving the Russian Federation. Objectives of the study: to analyze the practice of international investment arbitrations with the participation of Russia as a defendant, to identify and characterize the approaches of arbitration to determine their competence to consider the dispute, to study the techniques used by arbitration to establish the fact of Russian expropriation.
The achievement of the goals and objectives is ensured by the use of methods of analysis and synthesis, formal legal and comparative legal methods, as well as the collection and processing of empirical data in the form of publicly available arbitral awards and acts of national courts.
The author reveals that international investment arbitrations interpret any unclear moments connected with the claim procedure of dispute settlement in favor of the investor. In addition, the arbitration may interpret the most-favoured-nation treatment provisions so as to apply to both the substantive and procedural rules of a bilateral investment treaty. The article also demonstrates the arbitration’s approach to the recognition of the legitimate actions of the state measures equivalent to expropriation. In the author’s opinion, all of these points demonstrate the need to include provisions excluding such a broad interpretation in the conclusion of international treaties relating to investment.

Keywords: bilateral investment agreement, foreign investment, capital investment, competence, international arbitration, nationalization.

DOI: 10.12737/art_2019_4_12

REFERENCES

Avtonomov A. S. Vremennoe ispolnenie mezhdunarodnykh dogovorov v svete rossiyskogo konstitutsionnogo pravosudiya [Temporary enforcement of international treaties in the light of Russian constitutional justice]. Aktualnye problemy teorii i praktiki konstitutsionnogo sudoproizvodstva, 2017, no. 12, pp. 84—96.

Danelyan A. A. Mezhdunarodnyy investitsionnyy arbitrazh: novye vyzovy, problemy i puti ikh preodoleniya [International investment arbitration: new challenges, problems and ways to overcome them]. Mezhdunarodnyy pravovoy kurer, 2014, no. 6, pp. 6—10.

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junior research fellow of the Department of judicial practice and law enforcement of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation
22/24, Bolshoy Kharitonevskiy lane, Moscow, Russia, 107078
E-mail: implement@izak.ru

The Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms supposes both positive and negative obligations of the state to comply with it. The effective implementation of positive obligations requires, inter alia, preventive measures to ensure such protection at the national level, without involving the European Court of Human Rights. The current system of response to the ECtHR decisions in the Russian Federation supposes a set of measures, as well as the activities of the entities responsible for them, i.e. a specific mechanism. The Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, involved in the dialogue with the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, holds the list of ECtHR decisions. A great role in the dialogue with the ECtHR belongs to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which in its practice borrows the legal positions of the ECtHR and brings them to implementation at the national level. However, the implementation of general measures is ensured not only by legislative regulation, but also by adjusting judicial practice. In this regard, it is appropriate to affirm the implementation of the Convention in the national legal order, which includes both legislation and judicial as well as other law enforcement practices. In this process the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is one of the main subjects of the mechanism under consideration. In its acts the Supreme Court takes into account the ECtHR decisions, and also explains to the courts the procedure for the implementation of the European Convention. The article examines the internal mechanism of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation to ensure this implementation, as well as its practice, which contributed to the change of approaches to the protection of rights under Convention.

Keywords: Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, legal order, implementation, judicial practice, law enforcement practice, Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.

DOI: 10.12737/art_2019_4_13

REFERENCES

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professor at the Lomonosov Moscow State University, doctor of legal sciences

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